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正交阵用反对称阵表示

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hbghlyj Posted at 2022-1-8 19:00:25 |Read mode
Last edited by hbghlyj at 2022-1-8 20:01:00(Solid Geometry, P M Cohn, Library of Mathematics, Exercise on chapter 3, problem 3, page 42)
A matrix $S$ is said to be skew-symmetric if it equals its negative transpose, i.e. if $S=-S'$. Show that any orthogonal matrix $A$ such that $I+A$ is regular can be expressed in the form$$A=(I-S)(I+S)^{-1},$$where $S$ is a skew-symmetric matrix.
[Hint: Show that $S$ can be found to satisfy $(I+A)(I+S)=(I+S)(I+A)=2I$.]
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 Author| hbghlyj Posted at 2022-1-8 19:47:50
Last edited by hbghlyj at 2022-1-8 20:03:00令$S$为反对称阵,我们证明$A=(I-S)(I+S)^{-1}$为正交阵.
$AA'=I$⇔$(I-S)(I+S)^{-1}(I-S')(I+S')^{-1}=I$⇔$(I-S)(I+S)^{-1}(I+S)(I-S)^{-1}=I$显然成立.

反过来怎么证明呢?(A正交⇒S反对称)

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Czhang271828 Posted at 2022-1-15 15:58:58
本题旨在证明一切 $n$ 阶特殊正交矩阵群与同阶的反对称(实)矩阵群存在一一对应关系. 即 Cayley 变换 $A=(I-S)(I+S)^{-1}$ 给出同构 $SO(n)\cong \mathrm{Skew}(n)$.

对任意 $S\in\mathrm{Skew}(n)$, 有
$$
\begin{align*}
&(I-S)(I+S)^{-1}[(I-S)(I+S)^{-1}]'\\
=&(I-S)(I+S)^{-1}[(I+S)^{-1}]'(I-S)'\\
=&(I-S)(I+S)^{-1}(I+S')^{-1}(I-S')\\
=&(I-S)(I+S+S'+S'S)^{-1}(I-S')\\
=&(I-S)(I-S-S'+S'S)^{-1}(I-S')\\
=&(I-S)(I-S)^{-1}(I-S')^{-1}(I-S')\\
=&I
\end{align*}
$$
从而 $A=(I-S)(I+S)^{-1}$ 为正交矩阵. 由于 $(I+A)(I+S)=2I$ 满秩, 从而 $A+I$ 可逆, 即 $A$ 的特征值不含 $-1$. 因此 $A\in SO(n)$.

反之, 对任意 $A\in SO(n)$, 考虑 $T=(I-A)(I+A)^{-1}$. 此处 $A$ 的特征值不包含 $-1$, 从而 $T$​ 可被定义. 注意到
$$
\begin{align*}
&(I-T)(I+T)^{-1}\\
=&\left(I-\dfrac{1}{2}(I-A)(I+S)\right)\left(I+\dfrac{1}{2}(I-A)(I+S)\right)^{-1}\\
=&\left(I-\dfrac{1}{2}(I+A)(I+S)+A(I+S)\right)\\
&\cdot \left(I+\dfrac{1}{2}(I+A)(I+S)-A(I+S)\right)^{-1}\\
=&A(I+S)(2I-A(1+S))^{-1}\\
=&A
\end{align*}
$$
其中
$$
\begin{align*}
T'=&(I+A')^{-1}(I-A')\\
=&(I+A^{-1})^{-1}(I-A^{-1})\\
=&(A+I)^{-1}A(I-A^{-1})\\
=&-T
\end{align*}
$$
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