|
hbghlyj
Posted at 2023-4-15 07:26:05
在读史蒂文·芬奇的《数学常数》时,我曾经遇到过格罗斯曼常数。 这是一个有趣的常数 $c$,定义为唯一的 $x_1\in\mathbb{R}$,使得序列 $\{x_n\}_{n=0}^\infty,x_n=\frac{x_{n-2}}{1+x_{n-1}}\forall\ge0,x_0=1$ 收敛,其中 $c\approx0.73733830336929...$。这似乎是一个非常了不起的定理,我不知道如何证明这种形式的递归收敛于一个单值,尽管它似乎与奇偶项的极限行为有关。 我无法访问 Finch 和 MathWorld 引用的论文,其中显然给出了证明,所以我想知道至少使用了哪些技术来证明它。
我的问题是:有没有人知道(或能想出)这个序列收敛于一个唯一的 $x_1$ 的证明? 另外,$c$ 的封闭形式是否已知?
math.stackexchange.com/questions/2126965/
This is not an answer but here is a collection of facts about the sequences :
If $x_0,x_1 \ge 0$ then $x_n \ge 0$ forall $n$, and $x_{n+2} = \frac{x_n} {1+x_{n+1}} \le x_n$, so that the two sequences
$(x_{2n})$ and $(x_{2n+1})$ are decreasing, so they have limits $l_0$ and $l_1$.
If the limit of one of the subsequences is nonzero, then the other sequence converges to $0$ exponentially, so one of them has to be $0$. Then we have to prove that forall $x_0 \ge 0$ there is a unique $x_1 \ge 0$ such that the sequence converges to $0$.
A long computation shows that
$(x_{n+3} - x_{n+2}) - (x_{n+1} - x_n) = \frac {x_n^2 x_{n+1}}{(1+x_{n+1})(1+x_n+x_{n+1})} \ge 0$,
and so the sequences $(x_{2n+1}-x_{2n})$ and $(x_{2n+2}-x_{2n+1})$ are increasing.
In particular, as soon as one of them gets positive, we know that the sequence will not converge.
Conversely, if $(x_{2n})$ doesn't converge to $0$ then $(x_{2n+1})$ converges to $0$ and so we must have $x_{2n+1} - x_{2n} > 0$ at some point, and similarly for the other case.
This means that $(x_n)$ converges to $0$ if and only if it stays decreasing forever, and we can decide if a particular sequence doesn't converge to $0$ by computing the sequence until it stops decreasing.
It also follows that the set $\{(x_0,x_1) \in\Bbb R_+^2\mid \lim x_n = 0\}$ is a closed subset of $\Bbb R_+^2$. |
|