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二次曲线上的射影变换 按照3种real canonical form分类并举例

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hbghlyj Posted at 2023-5-11 21:22:51 |Read mode
Last edited by hbghlyj at 2024-3-31 17:04:00直线$L$
圆$C$
透视变换$φ:C\to L$
$L$上的射影变换$g∈\operatorname{Stab}L$
$C$上的射影变换$f=φgφ^{-1}∈\operatorname{Stab}C$
$L$和$C$都(通过有理参数化)同构于$\mathbb{RP}^1$,考虑$PGL(2,\mathbb R)$在$L$和$C$上的作用:
用$\sim$表示在$\mathbb R$上相似,二阶实矩阵有3个real canonical form.
$\mathbb R^2$的等距旋转和反射,容易想象,以下都用某个等距(和它导出的映射)作例子.
圆上的等距只有关于圆心旋转、关于通过圆心的直线反射.
直线上的等距只有平移、关于垂线反射.
因此,把这4个例子归入3种real canonical form下:
在2个不动点的情况,直线和圆都易举例:$f$为反射和它导出的$g=φ^{-1}fφ$、$g$为反射和它导出的$f=φgφ^{-1}$
在1个不动点的情况,直线较易举例: $g$为旋转和它导出的$f=φgφ^{-1}$, 但不存在$f$为等距的例子.
在0个不动点的情况,圆较易举例: $f$为旋转和它导出的$g=φ^{-1}fφ$, 但不存在$g$为等距的例子.


2个不动点$φ\sim\pmatrix{\lambda_1\\&\lambda_2}$
$f$为等距:
$f$为关于通过圆心的一条直线反射.
$f$的2个不动点是$C$与对称轴的交点.
$g$为等距:
$g$为关于$L$的一条垂线反射.
$g$的2个不动点是$L$与对称轴的交点和$L$的无穷远点.

1个不动点$φ\sim\pmatrix{\lambda_1&1\\0&\lambda_1}$
$g$为等距:
$g$为沿$L$的平移
按$f=φgφ^{-1}$导出的$f$如图所示:

$g$的1个不动点是$A=[0:0:1]$
$A_1,A_2,A_3,A_4\dots$为$L$上的等距离的点.
平移$g:A_1\mapsto A_2\mapsto A_3\mapsto A_4\dots$趋于$[0:0:1]$
$f$的1个不动点是$B=φ(A)$
按$f=φgφ^{-1}$导出的$f:B_1\mapsto B_2\mapsto B_3\mapsto B_4\dots$趋于$B$,但走得“越来越慢”.

0个不动点(不动点是虚点) $φ\sim\pmatrix{a&b\\-b&a}$
旋转$f:B_1\mapsto B_2\mapsto B_3\mapsto B_4\dots$
按$g=φ^{-1}fφ$导出的$g:A_1\mapsto A_2\mapsto A_3\mapsto A_4\dots$从最左端开始走得“越来越慢”后又“越来越快”.

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 Author| hbghlyj Posted at 2023-5-11 22:07:41

二次曲面(quadric)上的射影变换

Last edited by hbghlyj at 2023-5-12 11:33:00上面考虑了$PGL(2,\mathbb R)$
再考虑$PGL(3,\mathbb R)$,三阶实矩阵有4个实相似标准型
$\pmatrix{\lambda_1\\&\lambda_2\\&&\lambda_3}$
$\pmatrix{\lambda_1\\&\lambda_2&1\\&&\lambda_2}$
$\pmatrix{\lambda_1\\&a&b\\&-b&a}$
$\begin{pmatrix}\lambda_1&1\\&\lambda_1&1\\&&\lambda_1\end{pmatrix}$
用球与平面应该可以分别举一些例子

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三阶实矩阵还有个相似标准型: $\begin{pmatrix}\lambda_1&1\\&\lambda_1&1\\&&\lambda_1\end{pmatrix}$.  Posted at 2023-5-12 18:17
谢谢. 我遗漏了. 已补充  Posted at 2023-5-12 18:34

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 Author| hbghlyj Posted at 2023-6-4 04:04:21
Last edited by hbghlyj at 2024-3-31 17:16:00补充:透视变换$\varphi$在透视中心无定义,在整个平面去掉透视中心有定义。

注:Isomorphism between the Möbius group and PGL(2, C)
其实1#就是Möbius transformation的分类,在维基早就有了:Classification
Over the real numbers (if the coefficients must be real), there are no non-hyperbolic loxodromic transformations, and the classification is into elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic, as for real conics. The terminology is due to considering half the absolute value of the trace, |tr|/2, as the eccentricity of the transformation – division by 2 corrects for the dimension, so the identity has eccentricity 1 (tr/n is sometimes used as an alternative for the trace for this reason), and absolute value corrects for the trace only being defined up to a factor of ±1 due to working in PSL.

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