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[几何] 求助:异面直线距离一公式

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数学小黄 Posted at 2013-9-9 10:43:26 |Read mode
$%0LI65UA6C8FJ1G$F{`B]L.jpg

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kuing Posted at 2013-9-9 18:39:08
真难推,弄了我一个多小时。

QQ截图20130909183914.JPG

首先我们作出公垂线,然后连成如左图那样,由勾股定理及余弦定理可得
\begin{align*}
x^2+d^2&=a^2+y^2-2ay\cos\theta_1,\quad(1) \\
y^2+d^2&=a^2+x^2-2ax\cos\theta_2,\quad(2)
\end{align*}
再连成右图那样,又由勾股定理及余弦定理可得
\begin{align*}
d^2&=(a-y\cos\theta_1-x\cos\theta_2)^2+(y\sin\theta_1)^2+(x\sin\theta_2)^2-2xy\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha\\
&=a^2+x^2+y^2-2a(y\cos\theta_1+x\cos\theta_2)+2xy\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-2xy\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha,\quad(3)
\end{align*}
将式 (3) 分别代入式 (1), (2) 化简整理可得
\begin{align*}
x+(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)y&=a\cos\theta_2, \\
y+(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)x&=a\cos\theta_1,
\end{align*}
于是解得
\begin{align*}
x&=\frac{a\cos\theta_2-a\cos\theta_1(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)}{1-(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)^2},\\
y&=\frac{a\cos\theta_1-a\cos\theta_2(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)}{1-(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)^2},
\end{align*}
将式 (1), (2) 相加并代入上述解可得
\begin{align*}
d^2={}&a^2-ay\cos\theta_1-ax\cos\theta_2 \\
={}&a^2-\frac{a^2\cos^2\theta_1-a^2\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)}{1-(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)^2} \\
&{}-\frac{a^2\cos^2\theta_2-a^2\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)}{1-(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)^2} \\
={}&a^2\left( 1-\frac{\cos^2\theta_1+\cos^2\theta_2-2\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)}{1-(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)^2} \right) \\
={}&a^2\cdot \frac{1-\sin^2\theta_1\sin^2\theta_2\cos^2\alpha -\cos^2\theta_1-\cos^2\theta_2+\cos^2\theta_1\cos^2\theta_2}{1-(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)^2} \\
={}&a^2\cdot \frac{\sin^2\theta_1\sin^2\theta_2-\sin^2\theta_1\sin^2\theta_2\cos^2\alpha }{(\sin^2\theta_1+\cos^2\theta_1)(\sin^2\theta_2+\cos^2\theta_2)-(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)^2} \\
={}&\frac{a^2\sin^2\theta_1\sin^2\theta_2\sin^2\alpha }{\sin^2\theta_1\sin^2\theta_2\sin^2\alpha +\sin^2\theta_1\cos^2\theta_2+\sin^2\theta_2\cos^2\theta_1+2\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha} \\
={}&\frac{a^2\sin^2\alpha }{\sin^2\alpha +\cot^2\theta_2+\cot^2\theta_1+2\cot\theta_1\cot\theta_2\cos\alpha},
\end{align*}
即得证。

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 Author| 数学小黄 Posted at 2013-9-9 20:12:54
回复 2# kuing
神啊~膜拜管理员!!太感激您了~

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kuing Posted at 2013-9-9 20:24:39
回复 3# 数学小黄

不客气,我可能搞复杂了也说不准,有空再想想有没有更简单的证法

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福州小江 Posted at 2013-9-9 20:33:03
KK神级人物!!!!

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睡神 Posted at 2013-9-9 20:56:53
不知道将它补成长方体有没有什么辅助效果不?
除了不懂,就是装懂

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kuing Posted at 2013-9-9 21:18:50
不知道将它补成长方体有没有什么辅助效果不?
睡神 发表于 2013-9-9 20:56

又没说对边相等,怎么确定能补成长方体?

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睡神 Posted at 2013-9-9 21:19:13
额...好吧...糗大了...
除了不懂,就是装懂

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福州小江 Posted at 2013-9-9 21:34:31
回复 4# kuing


    记得楼主在另一个群里说这题可以无字证明!不知道是不是真的?

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kuing Posted at 2013-9-9 21:48:22
回复 9# 福州小江

噢?那就真值得期待

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其妙 Posted at 2013-9-10 18:01:46
回复  kuing


    记得楼主在另一个群里说这题可以无字证明!不知道是不是真的? ...
福州小江 发表于 2013-9-9 21:34

认识楼主啊?

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福州小江 Posted at 2013-9-10 20:20:13
回复 11# 其妙


    楼主在齐老师的群里问了相同的问题!只是加了无字证明的要求!!!

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kuing Posted at 2013-9-10 20:23:45
原来只是个要求?

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第一章 Posted at 2013-9-10 22:14:54

以前做过类似的,貌似转化为点到面的距离。如,过$C$作$AB$的平行线,并截取相等。

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kuing Posted at 2013-9-10 22:43:05
有简单点的证法了。

首先证明一个公式,如左图,$\angle AOB=\theta_1$, $\angle AOC=\theta_2$, $\text{二面角}~B\text{-}OA\text{-}C=\beta$,我们来求 $\cos\angle BOC$。

在射线 $OA$ 上取一个单位长度,然后作垂直,连成左图中那样,由余弦定理即得
\begin{align*}
\cos\angle BOC &=\frac{\sec^2\theta_1+\sec^2\theta_2-(\tan^2\theta_1+\tan^2\theta_2-2\tan \theta_1\tan\theta_2\cos\beta)}{2\sec\theta_1\sec\theta_2} \\
&=\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2(1+\tan\theta_1\tan\theta_2\cos\beta) \\
&=\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2+\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\beta.
\end{align*}

QQ截图20130910214654.JPG

回到原题,设四面体 $ABCD$ 的体积为 $V$,$AB=b$, $CD=c$ 且 $AB$ 与 $CD$ 所成夹角为 $\theta$,则易证
\[V=\frac{bcd\sin\theta}6,\]
另一方面,$S_{\triangle ABC}=\frac12ab\sin\theta_2$,易知 $D$ 到 $\triangle ABC$ 所在平面的距离为 $c\sin\theta_1\sin\alpha$,所以又有
\[V=\frac13\cdot\frac12ab\sin\theta_2\cdot c\sin\theta_1\sin\alpha=\frac{abc\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\sin\alpha}6,\]
由此得到
\[d\sin\theta=a\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\sin\alpha,\]
故剩下只要求 $\sin\theta$,如右图,将 $AB$ 平移到 $CE$,那么 $\angle ACE=\theta_2$, $\angle ECD=\theta$, $\text{二面角}~E\text{-}AC\text{-}D=\pi-\alpha$,根据前面所证得的公式,即得
\[\sin\theta=\sqrt{1-\cos^2\theta} =\sqrt{1-(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)^2},\]
所以
\[d=\frac{a\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\sin\alpha}{\sqrt{1-(\cos\theta_1\cos\theta_2-\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_2\cos\alpha)^2}},\]
然后跟我2楼后面那个化简方法一样,得到最终的公式。

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kuing Posted at 2013-9-11 01:52:06
唔,其实严格来说,还应该要说明一下那公式对 $\theta_1$ 或 $\theta_2$ 为钝角时仍然成立,不过这个应该不难说明,时间关系还是先略去了……

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realnumber Posted at 2013-9-11 10:17:07
用向量不知道行不行,给的条件似乎都可以用向量直接描述出来,不过叉积运算性质不清楚.

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爪机专用 Posted at 2013-9-11 12:16:49
用向量不知道行不行,给的条件似乎都可以用向量直接描述出来,不过叉积运算性质不清楚. ...
realnumber 发表于 2013-9-11 10:17

我也考虑过, 不过向量我也不擅长, 不知怎么消。
电脑又上不了论坛, 爪机却可以, 汗。

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其妙 Posted at 2013-9-11 13:05:20
异面直线的夹角就可以向量。距离似乎可以,但是那个条件不好用,

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 Author| 数学小黄 Posted at 2013-9-13 09:50:48
回复 9# 福州小江

啊?应该不是我说的吧,我是在一本书上看到这个结论,书的作者是当结论直接给出了,我思来想去都不知道为什么,所以才拿到这里请教大家。

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