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来自讨论组的一道裂项

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色k Post time 2020-2-8 15:45 |Read mode
v* 13:49:59
QQ图片20200208153239.jpg
鱼* 14:02:03
对,数归说不定可以搞定
列项
v* 14:03:03
我怎么有取对数,求导,积分之类的冲动
一般地:设 `x_i` 互不相同,则存在与 `x` 无关的 `A_i` 使
\[\frac1{(x-x_1)(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_n)}=\frac{A_1}{x-x_1}+\frac{A_2}{x-x_2}+\cdots+\frac{A_n}{x-x_n}.\]数归当然可以,比如说,假设 `n` 项的时候成立,则 `n+1` 项时
\begin{align*}
&\frac1{(x-x_1)(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_n)(x-x_{n+1})}\\
={}&\frac{A_1}{(x-x_1)(x-x_{n+1})}+\frac{A_2}{(x-x_2)(x-x_{n+1})}+\cdots+\frac{A_n}{(x-x_n)(x-x_{n+1})}\\
={}&\frac{B_1}{x-x_1}-\frac{B_1}{x-x_{n+1}}+\frac{B_2}{x-x_2}-\frac{B_2}{x-x_{n+1}}+\cdots+\frac{B_n}{x-x_n}-\frac{B_n}{x-x_{n+1}}\\
={}&\frac{B_1}{x-x_1}+\frac{B_2}{x-x_2}+\cdots+\frac{B_{n+1}}{x-x_{n+1}},
\end{align*}这样就 OK 了。当然,也可以这样裂:
\begin{align*}
&\frac1{(x-x_1)(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_n)(x-x_{n+1})}\\
={}&\frac1{x_1-x_{n+1}}\left( \frac1{(x-x_1)(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_n)}-\frac1{(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_n)(x-x_{n+1})} \right),
\end{align*}括号里的两项继续裂下去,最终得到结论。

其实,用拉格朗,可以得出具体的表达式
设常数函数 `f(x)=1`,由拉格朗日插值公式,`f(x)` 可以表示成
\begin{align*}
f(x)={}&\frac{(x-x_2)(x-x_3)\cdots(x-x_n)}{(x_1-x_2)(x_1-x_3)\cdots(x_1-x_n)}f(x_1)\\
&+\frac{(x-x_1)(x-x_3)\cdots(x-x_n)}{(x_2-x_1)(x_2-x_3)\cdots(x_2-x_n)}f(x_2)\\
&+\cdots+\frac{(x-x_1)(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_{n-1})}{(x_n-x_1)(x_n-x_2)\cdots(x_n-x_{n-1})}f(x_n),
\end{align*}故此有恒等式
\begin{align*}
1={}&\frac{(x-x_2)(x-x_3)\cdots(x-x_n)}{(x_1-x_2)(x_1-x_3)\cdots(x_1-x_n)}\\
&+\frac{(x-x_1)(x-x_3)\cdots(x-x_n)}{(x_2-x_1)(x_2-x_3)\cdots(x_2-x_n)}\\
&+\cdots+\frac{(x-x_1)(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_{n-1})}{(x_n-x_1)(x_n-x_2)\cdots(x_n-x_{n-1})},
\end{align*}两边除以 `(x-x_1)(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_n)` 就是
\[\bbox[#CFF,15px]{\begin{aligned}
\frac1{(x-x_1)(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_n)}={}&\frac1{(x-x_1)(x_1-x_2)(x_1-x_3)\cdots(x_1-x_n)}\\
&+\frac1{(x-x_2)(x_2-x_1)(x_2-x_3)\cdots(x_2-x_n)}\\
&+\cdots+\frac1{(x-x_n)(x_n-x_1)(x_n-x_2)\cdots(x_n-x_{n-1})}.
\end{aligned}}\]
这名字我喜欢

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 Author| 色k Post time 2020-2-8 16:31
回到原题的话,表达式也挺简单,令 `x_i=-i`,上式即
\begin{align*}
\frac1{(x+1)(x+2)\cdots(x+n)}={}&\frac1{(x+1)\cdot1\cdot2\cdots(n-1)}\\
&+\frac1{(x+2)\cdot(-1)\cdot1\cdot2\cdots(n-2)}\\
&+\frac1{(x+3)\cdot(-2)\cdot(-1)\cdot1\cdot2\cdots(n-3)}\\
&+\cdots+\frac1{(x+n)\cdot(1-n)\cdot(2-n)\cdots(-2)\cdot(-1)},
\end{align*}即
\[\frac1{(x+1)(x+2)\cdots(x+n)}=\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{(-1)^{k-1}}{(x+k)(k-1)!(n-k)!},\]两边乘 `n!` 即
\[\frac{n!}{(x+1)(x+2)\cdots(x+n)}=\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{(-1)^{k-1}kC_n^k}{x+k}.\]
这名字我喜欢

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kuing Post time 2021-7-15 16:56
刚才 86鱼 发来一图(2020 清华大学丘成桐数学英才班招生考试 复试 笔试一),
才发现原来 1# 的题目并不是完整的:

微信图片_20210715164949_1.jpg

不但是能裂,还得证明系数是整数!

那仅由 1# 开头数归啥的就不够了,还好我 2# 顺便给出了最终表达式,恰好是原题想要的。

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hbghlyj Post time 2023-5-27 06:22
色k 发表于 2020-2-8 08:45
设常数函数 `f(x)=1`,由拉格朗日插值公式,`f(x)` 可以表示成
\begin{align*}
f(x)={}&\frac{(x-x_2)(x-x_3)\cdots(x-x_n)}{(x_1-x_2)(x_1-x_3)\cdots(x_1-x_n)}f(x_1)\\
&+\frac{(x-x_1)(x-x_3)\cdots(x-x_n)}{(x_2-x_1)(x_2-x_3)\cdots(x_2-x_n)}f(x_2)\\
&+\cdots+\frac{(x-x_1)(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_{n-1})}{(x_n-x_1)(x_n-x_2)\cdots(x_n-x_{n-1})}f(x_n),
\end{align*}故此有恒等式
\begin{align*}
1={}&\frac{(x-x_2)(x-x_3)\cdots(x-x_n)}{(x_1-x_2)(x_1-x_3)\cdots(x_1-x_n)}\\
&+\frac{(x-x_1)(x-x_3)\cdots(x-x_n)}{(x_2-x_1)(x_2-x_3)\cdots(x_2-x_n)}\\
&+\cdots+\frac{(x-x_1)(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_{n-1})}{(x_n-x_1)(x_n-x_2)\cdots(x_n-x_{n-1})},
\end{align*}两边除以 `(x-x_1)(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_n)` 就是\begin{aligned}
\frac1{(x-x_1)(x-x_2)\cdots(x-x_n)}={}&\frac1{(x-x_1)(x_1-x_2)(x_1-x_3)\cdots(x_1-x_n)}\\
&+\frac1{(x-x_2)(x_2-x_1)(x_2-x_3)\cdots(x_2-x_n)}\\
&+\cdots+\frac1{(x-x_n)(x_n-x_1)(x_n-x_2)\cdots(x_n-x_{n-1})}.
\end{aligned}


又见The minimal polynomial and some applications by Keith Conrad
Screenshot 2023-05-26 at 23-21-23 minpolyandappns.pdf.png A,B 都是n阶方阵,能不能用同一矩阵对角化?
One can prove this by using Lagrange's interpolation formula: put
$$f:=\sum_{i=1}^r\ \prod_{j\not=i}\ \frac{T-\lambda_j}{\lambda_i-\lambda_j}\ \in F[T]$$ and observe that $f(A)$ is the identity of $V$.

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kuing Post time 2023-11-29 14:17
前几天在知乎看到类似问题:
zhihu.com/question/630837181
我又照搬了上面嘀方法,得到
\[\frac{n!}{x(x+1)(x+2)\cdots(x+n)}={}\frac1x+\frac{(-1)^1C_n^1}{x+1}+\frac{(-1)^2C_n^2}{x+2}+\cdots+\frac{(-1)^n}{x+n}.\]
帖中的其他解法也是不错嘀。

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