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这份计算机科学讲义的37页:
Coloring Necklaces
We conclude this section with an application to a classic example, that of counting necklaces. Our model for an $n$-beaded necklace is a geometric conceptualization of the cycle graph $C_{n}$ as a regular $n$-sided polygon, as illustrated in Figure 9.2.4. The numbering of the beads is used in specification of the permutations.
Example 9.2.7: Suppose that each bead is to be colored either black or white, and that two necklaces are indistinguishable (i.e., equivalent) if one can be obtained from the other by a rotation of the polygon. We model these symmetries by the cyclic permutation group $\mathbb{Z}_{5}$, in which the clockwise rotation of $\frac{2 \pi}{5}$ corresponds to the permutation
$$
\alpha=\left(\begin{array}{lllll}
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5
\end{array}\right)
$$
The cycle structure of the identity permutation is $t_{1}^{5}$. By Corollary 9.1.2, the cycle structure of the permutations
$$
\alpha, \quad \alpha^{2}, \quad \alpha^{3}, \quad \text { and } \quad \alpha^{4}
$$
is $t_{5}$. Thus, the cycle index polynomial is
$$
\mathcal{Z}_{\mathbb{Z}_{5}}=\frac{1}{5}\left(t_{1}^{5}+4 t_{5}\right)
$$
According to Theorem 9.2.8, the number of 2-colored, 5-beaded necklaces is$$
\frac{1}{5}\left(2^{5}+4 \cdot 2\right)=\frac{40}{5}=8
$$
Table 9.2.1 provides the corresponding Pólya inventory.
Table 9.2.1 Inventory for 5 -beaded necklaces under cyclic symmetry.
Figure 9.2.5 illustrates the eight necklaces.
Fig 9.2.5 The eight 2-colored, 5-beaded necklaces.
Allowing reflections cannot increase the number of equivalence classes, since any two necklaces that are related by a rotation remain related by that rotation when reflections are included. |
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